Dr. Kwang Lee Wellness Center
Conditions Library — 510 Conditions Explained
Plain-language guides to 510 conditions: what they are, how they feel, how they are examined, and which non-surgical options are usually tried first.
Muscles, joints & spine
Neck (Cervical) 12
- Cervical Disc HerniationA condition where a herniated disc compresses the nerve
- Cervical SpondylosisChronic neck pain caused by degenerative changes of the cervical spine
- Cervical MyelopathyA serious condition with limb dysfunction due to spinal cord compression
- Myofascial Pain SyndromePain caused by trigger points within muscles
- Whiplash / Cervical SprainInjury from sudden impact causing the neck to whip forward and backward
- Cervical Spinal StenosisNarrowing of the spinal canal compressing the spinal cord and nerve roots
- Occipital NeuralgiaOccipital headache caused by irritation of the occipital nerves
- Acute TorticollisA condition in which the neck tilts or twists to one side
- Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)Compression of the neurovascular bundle between the clavicle and the first rib
- Cervical Spine FractureEmergency condition involving a fracture of the cervical vertebrae
- Cervicogenic HeadacheSecondary headache originating from upper cervical spine pathology
- Cervical Facet SyndromeAxial neck pain from degeneration or inflammation of cervical facet joints
Back (Lumbar) 7
- Lumbar Disc HerniationHerniated disc compressing the lumbar nerve root (sciatica)
- Lumbar Spinal StenosisNarrowed spinal canal compressing the cauda equina, causing neurogenic claudication
- SpondylolisthesisForward slippage of one vertebra on the one below
- Piriformis Syndrome / SciaticaPiriformis muscle compressing the sciatic nerve, causing buttock and leg pain
- Lumbar Compression FractureVertebral body collapse due to osteoporotic bone failure, causing acute back pain
- Sacroiliac Joint DysfunctionButtock pain from inflammation or instability of the sacroiliac joint
- Ankylosing SpondylitisChronic autoimmune inflammatory arthritis affecting spine and SI joints
Knee 8
- Knee OsteoarthritisCartilage degradation causing bone-on-bone friction, pain, and joint space loss
- Meniscal TearTear of the fibrocartilaginous meniscus causing pain, locking, and giving way
- ACL TearComplete rupture of the primary knee stabilizer causing instability and hemarthrosis
- Patellofemoral Pain SyndromeAnterior knee pain from patellar maltracking and patellofemoral cartilage stress
- Prepatellar BursitisInflammation of the prepatellar bursa causing anterior knee swelling ('housemaid's knee')
- Pes Anserine BursitisInflammation of the bursa under the pes anserinus tendon insertion on the medial knee
- Patellar Tendinopathy (Jumper's Knee)Overuse degeneration of the patellar tendon from repetitive jumping
- Baker's Cyst (Popliteal Cyst)Synovial fluid collection behind the knee forming a soft cystic swelling
Shoulder 8
- Rotator Cuff TearTear of the rotator cuff tendons causing pain, weakness, and difficulty raising the arm
- Shoulder Impingement SyndromeSubacromial compression of the rotator cuff during arm elevation — most common shoulder diagnosis
- Adhesive Capsulitis (Frozen Shoulder)Global shoulder stiffness from capsular fibrosis — all directions restricted equally
- AC Joint Injury / SeparationTraumatic disruption of AC joint ligaments causing superior clavicle displacement
- Shoulder DislocationHumeral head displaced from glenoid fossa — anterior dislocation in 95% of cases
- Biceps Tendinopathy (Long Head)Inflammation of the long head of biceps tendon in the bicipital groove
- SLAP Tear (Superior Labrum)Tear of the superior labrum from anterior to posterior where the long head biceps attaches
- Calcific TendinitisCalcium hydroxyapatite deposits within the rotator cuff (esp. supraspinatus) causing severe shoulder pain
Hip 6
- Hip OsteoarthritisDegenerative joint disease causing gradual cartilage loss in the hip joint, leading to pain and functional limitation
- Greater Trochanteric BursitisLateral hip pain from inflammation of the bursa overlying the greater trochanter — part of GTPS
- Hip Labral TearTear of the acetabular labrum causing groin pain and hip instability
- Avascular Necrosis of the Femoral HeadBone necrosis from disrupted blood supply to the femoral head — steroids and alcohol are major causes
- Hamstring StrainAcute muscle fiber tear of the posterior thigh hamstrings
- Snapping Hip Syndrome (Coxa Saltans)Audible/palpable snap as a tendon flicks over a bony prominence during hip motion
Elbow 6
- Lateral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)Extensor tendinopathy at the lateral epicondyle — Tennis Elbow
- Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow)Flexor-pronator tendinopathy at the medial epicondyle — Golfer's Elbow
- Olecranon BursitisInflammation and effusion of the bursa overlying the olecranon process — Student's Elbow
- Cubital Tunnel SyndromeUlnar nerve compression at the cubital tunnel causing 4th-5th finger numbness and intrinsic muscle weakness
- Radial Tunnel SyndromeCompression of the posterior interosseous nerve (radial nerve branch) in the radial tunnel at the elbow
- Elbow OsteoarthritisDegenerative arthritis of the elbow from overuse and repetitive trauma
Wrist 7
- Carpal Tunnel SyndromeMedian nerve compression in the carpal tunnel causing thumb-index-middle finger numbness and thenar muscle weakness
- De Quervain's TenosynovitisStenosing tenosynovitis of APL and EPB tendons at 1st dorsal compartment — radial wrist pain at thumb base
- TFCC Tear (Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex)TFCC injury causing ulnar wrist pain with distal radioulnar joint instability
- Scaphoid FractureScaphoid fracture causing radial wrist pain — initial X-ray may be negative, risk of avascular necrosis
- Trigger Finger (Stenosing Tenosynovitis)Stenosing tenosynovitis where the flexor tendon catches at the A1 pulley, causing triggering
- Ganglion CystBenign fluid-filled cyst arising from joint capsule or tendon sheath
- Thumb CMC (Basal Joint) OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis of the thumb carpometacarpal (basal) joint
Foot / Ankle 7
- Plantar FasciitisChronic degenerative changes of the plantar fascia causing heel pain — excruciating pain on first morning steps
- Achilles TendinopathyAchilles tendon degeneration from repetitive overload — common in runners and jumping sport athletes
- Lateral Ankle SprainLateral ankle ligament injury — ATFL most commonly involved. Most frequent sports injury
- Morton's NeuromaPerineural fibrosis of forefoot interdigital nerve causing pain and numbness — usually 3rd-4th interspace
- Hallux Valgus (Bunion)Deformity with lateral deviation of the great toe and medial prominence (bunion)
- Peroneal TendinopathyOveruse degeneration or tenosynovitis of the peroneus longus/brevis tendons behind the lateral malleolus
- Tarsal Tunnel SyndromeCompression of the posterior tibial nerve within the tarsal tunnel behind the medial malleolus
Mid-Back (Thoracic) 8
- Thoracic Disc HerniationRare condition where thoracic disc compresses spinal cord or nerve root
- Thoracic SpondylosisChronic thoracic pain from degenerative changes
- Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression FractureThoracic vertebral collapse from minor trauma on osteoporotic bone
- Scheuermann's KyphosisAdolescent rigid thoracic kyphosis
- T4 SyndromeUpper thoracic (T2-T7) dysfunction causing upper limb paresthesia
- Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH)Non-inflammatory ossification of anterior longitudinal ligament — Forestier's disease
- Idiopathic Thoracic ScoliosisIdiopathic 3D spinal deformity with lateral curvature and rotation
- Costotransverse Joint DysfunctionDysfunction of rib-vertebra joints causing localized thoracic pain
Hand / Fingers 8
- Heberden's Nodes (DIP Joint OA)Bony nodules from osteoarthritis of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint
- Bouchard's Nodes (PIP Joint OA)Bony nodules from osteoarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint
- Dupuytren's ContractureProgressive contracture from fibrosis of the palmar fascia preventing finger extension
- Mallet Finger (Terminal Extensor Rupture)Terminal extensor tendon rupture causing DIP to drop into flexion
- Boutonnière Deformity (Central Slip Rupture)Central slip rupture causing PIP flexion with DIP hyperextension
- Swan Neck DeformityPIP hyperextension with DIP flexion resembling a swan's neck
- Skier's Thumb (UCL Injury / Gamekeeper's Thumb)Acute or chronic injury to the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the thumb MCP
- Jersey Finger (FDP Avulsion)Avulsion of flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) from the distal phalanx
TMJ (Jaw) 8
- TMD Myofascial PainFace and jaw pain from masticatory muscle overuse and tension
- TMJ Disc Displacement with ReductionDisc displaces then reduces during opening, producing a click
- TMJ Closed LockDisc fails to reduce on opening, causing limited mouth opening
- TMJ OsteoarthritisDegenerative cartilage and bone changes with crepitus and pain
- BruxismRepetitive grinding/clenching stressing teeth, joints, and muscles
- TMJ Dislocation (Open Lock)Condyle displaces anterior to articular eminence, preventing mouth closure
- TMJ Capsulitis/SynovitisInflammation of joint capsule/synovium causing local pain and swelling
- Mandibular Condylar FractureTraumatic fracture of condyle or condylar neck
Pelvis / Coccyx 8
- Osteitis PubisOveruse inflammation of pubic symphysis and surrounding structures
- CoccydyniaTailbone pain aggravated by sitting
- Pubic Symphysis DysfunctionPregnancy-related symphyseal laxity and pain (pelvic girdle pain)
- Pelvic Stress FractureRepetitive-load microfracture of pelvis (most often inferior pubic ramus)
- Ischial BursitisInflammation of bursa over ischial tuberosity ('weaver's bottom')
- Sacral Insufficiency FractureInsufficiency fracture of osteoporotic sacrum under physiologic load
- Pudendal NeuralgiaChronic perineal pain from pudendal nerve entrapment/irritation
- Iliopsoas BursitisInflammation of bursa deep to iliopsoas tendon (anterior hip pain)
Ribs / Chest Wall 8
- CostochondritisBenign inflammatory pain at costochondral junctions of anterior chest wall
- Tietze SyndromeCostochondritis variant with localized non-suppurative swelling
- Rib FractureCortical disruption of rib from trauma or severe cough
- Slipping Rib SyndromeHypermobility/subluxation of 8th–10th false rib cartilage producing pain
- Intercostal NeuralgiaDermatomal chest wall pain from intercostal nerve injury or irritation
- Sternoclavicular Joint DysfunctionFocal pain/dysfunction from SC joint subluxation or osteoarthritis
- Precordial Catch SyndromeBenign, brief, stabbing left-sided chest pain — self-limiting
- Xiphoid Syndrome (Xiphodynia)Localized pain/tenderness at the xiphoid process (anterior chest wall)
Head / Face 8
- Tension-type HeadacheBilateral pressing/tightening headache from sustained cervicocranial muscle tension
- Post-Concussion SyndromePersistent symptom complex of headache, dizziness, and cognitive difficulty after mild TBI
- Masticatory Muscle Myofascial PainMasseter/medial pterygoid trigger points referring pain to jaw, face, ear, temple
- Temporalis Myofascial PainTemporalis trigger points referring pain to temple, supraorbital region, and teeth
- Frontalis Muscle Tension HeadachePressing frontal headache from sustained frontalis muscle contraction and trigger points
- Supraorbital NeuralgiaStabbing forehead pain with sensory change in supraorbital nerve (V1) distribution
- Auriculotemporal NeuralgiaNeuropathic pain in auriculotemporal nerve distribution (preauricular/temporal)
- Scalp Myofascial PainDiffuse scalp pain from trigger points and tenderness of occipitofrontalis and galea aponeurotica
Systemic (Rheumatic) 8
- FibromyalgiaCentral sensitization syndrome with chronic widespread pain, fatigue, and sleep disturbance
- Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR)Inflammatory disease with bilateral shoulder/pelvic girdle pain, morning stiffness, and elevated ESR
- Rheumatoid ArthritisChronic symmetric inflammatory small-joint arthritis causing destruction and systemic involvement
- Psoriatic ArthritisSpondyloarthropathy associated with psoriasis; DIP, enthesitis, and dactylitis characteristic
- SLE Arthropathy (Jaccoud's Arthropathy)Non-erosive joint deformity in SLE; Jaccoud's arthropathy features reducible deformities
- Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS)Post-traumatic syndrome of severe limb pain with autonomic, motor, and trophic changes
- GoutMetabolic disease where monosodium urate (MSU) crystals deposit in joints causing acute/chronic arthritis
- Pseudogout (CPPD Disease)Acute/chronic arthritis from calcium pyrophosphate (CPPD) crystal deposition in cartilage
Other specialties
Dermatology 33
- Acne VulgarisChronic inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit
- Atopic Dermatitis (Eczema)Chronic relapsing pruritic eczematous condition with atopic background
- PsoriasisT-cell mediated chronic inflammatory skin disease
- MelanomaMost lethal skin cancer arising from melanocytes
- Basal Cell CarcinomaSlow-growing, rarely metastasizing non-melanoma skin cancer
- Squamous Cell CarcinomaKeratinocyte cancer from chronic sun damage
- RosaceaChronic facial flushing with telangiectasias
- VitiligoAutoimmune destruction of melanocytes → depigmentation
- UrticariaHistamine-mediated transient wheals and pruritus
- Tinea (Dermatophytosis)Dermatophyte fungal infection
- CellulitisBacterial infection of dermis/subcutis
- ImpetigoSuperficial bacterial infection with honey crusts
- Herpes SimplexRecurrent vesicular lesions from HSV
- Herpes Zoster (Shingles)VZV reactivation along dermatome
- Warts (HPV)HPV-induced benign epithelial proliferation
- Seborrheic DermatitisChronic scaly rash in sebaceous areas
- Contact DermatitisEczema from irritant or allergic contact
- Alopecia AreataAutoimmune patchy hair loss
- Androgenetic AlopeciaDHT-mediated progressive hair loss
- OnychomycosisFungal nail infection
- Hidradenitis SuppurativaChronic abscesses in apocrine areas
- Pemphigus VulgarisAutoantibodies cause intraepidermal blisters
- Bullous PemphigoidBP180/230 antibodies cause subepidermal bullae
- Lichen PlanusPurple pruritic polygonal papules
- Actinic KeratosisPre-SCC; rough patches on sun-exposed skin
- MelasmaSymmetric brown facial pigmentation
- KeloidHypertrophic scar extending beyond wound
- Burn (1st–3rd degree)Thermal/chemical/electrical injury
- Pressure UlcerTissue necrosis from sustained pressure
- ScabiesSevere itching from Sarcoptes scabiei
- Staph Scalded Skin SyndromeS. aureus exotoxin separates epidermis (pediatric emergency)
- Stevens-Johnson SyndromeDrug-induced epidermal necrosis (<10% BSA)
- Erythema MultiformeTarget lesions usually triggered by HSV infection
Cardiology 30
- HypertensionPersistently elevated arterial pressure (≥130/80 mmHg)
- Coronary Artery DiseaseMyocardial ischemia from coronary atherosclerosis
- Acute Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)Myocardial necrosis from complete coronary occlusion with ST elevation
- NSTEMIMI from partial coronary occlusion without ST elevation (troponin positive)
- Unstable AnginaNew or rest angina with negative troponin
- Stable AnginaPredictable exertional chest pain relieved by rest
- Heart Failure (HFrEF)Systolic heart failure with LVEF ≤40%
- Heart Failure (HFpEF)HF with LVEF ≥50% due to diastolic dysfunction
- Atrial FibrillationIrregular atrial electrical activity; increases stroke risk 5-fold
- Atrial FlutterReentrant atrial tachycardia (250-350 bpm) with sawtooth flutter waves on ECG
- Paroxysmal SVTAVNRT or AVRT most common; sudden onset/termination of narrow QRS tachycardia (150-250 bpm)
- Ventricular TachycardiaWide QRS tachycardia (>120 bpm) ≥3 beats; defibrillate if hemodynamically unstable
- Ventricular FibrillationDisorganized ventricular electrical activity; cessation of blood flow; immediate CPR + defibrillation essential
- AV BlockImpaired AV conduction (1st-3rd degree); complete (3rd) block needs pacemaker
- Aortic StenosisSenile calcific or bicuspid AS; classic triad of angina, syncope, HF
- Aortic RegurgitationDiastolic regurgitation into LV; chronic AR causes LV dilation/eccentric hypertrophy
- Mitral RegurgitationSystolic regurgitation into LA; chronic MR dilates LA → may cause AFib
- Mitral StenosisMost often rheumatic; LA dilation, pulmonary HTN, AFib, embolic stroke
- Infective EndocarditisCardiac valve infection; fever, new murmur, embolic and immune phenomena; Duke criteria for diagnosis
- Acute PericarditisPleuritic chest pain + friction rub + diffuse ST elevation + PR depression; mostly viral
- MyocarditisInflammation of myocardium; usually viral; can cause chest pain, HF, arrhythmias
- Hypertrophic CardiomyopathyGenetic asymmetric LV hypertrophy (especially septum); risk of sudden cardiac death in young
- Dilated CardiomyopathyLV dilation with systolic dysfunction; etiologies include idiopathic, genetic, alcohol, viral
- Aortic AneurysmAortic dilation >50%; thoracic or abdominal; surgery indicated at ≥5.5 cm
- Aortic DissectionTear in aortic intima; life-threatening; sudden tearing chest/back pain; Stanford A requires immediate surgery
- Peripheral Artery DiseaseLower extremity atherosclerosis causing intermittent claudication; diagnosed by ABI ≤0.9
- Deep Vein ThrombosisLower extremity DVT; risk of PE; Wells score for risk stratification
- HyperlipidemiaElevated LDL/TG or low HDL; major atherosclerosis risk factor; statin is first-line
- SyncopeTransient loss of consciousness with spontaneous recovery; cardiac, neurally mediated, or orthostatic; ECG essential
- Cardiac ArrestCessation of mechanical cardiac activity; immediate CPR + defibrillation; 5-min golden window
Neurology 30
- MigrainePulsatile unilateral headache from trigeminovascular activation
- Tension HeadacheBilateral non-pulsating pressure-type headache
- Cluster HeadacheExcruciating unilateral periorbital pain with autonomic features
- Trigeminal NeuralgiaElectric-shock paroxysmal pain in trigeminal distribution
- Bell's PalsyIdiopathic peripheral facial nerve (VII) palsy
- Carpal Tunnel SyndromeMedian nerve compression at the carpal tunnel
- Cubital Tunnel SyndromeUlnar nerve compression at the medial elbow
- Meralgia ParestheticaCompression of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve at inguinal ligament
- Diabetic NeuropathyLength-dependent peripheral neuropathy from chronic hyperglycemia (stocking-glove pattern)
- CIDPProgressive/relapsing autoimmune demyelinating polyneuropathy (>8 weeks)
- Guillain-Barré SyndromeAcute ascending paralysis, post-infectious autoimmune polyneuropathy
- Myasthenia GravisVariable muscle weakness from anti-AChR antibodies at neuromuscular junction
- Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic SyndromePresynaptic VGCC antibodies cause proximal weakness (often paraneoplastic w/ SCLC)
- Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisProgressive degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (Lou Gehrig disease)
- Multiple SclerosisCNS demyelinating immune-mediated disease (dissemination in time and space)
- Restless Legs SyndromeEvening/rest-related uncomfortable urge to move the legs
- Essential TremorBilateral postural/action tremor, often familial, transiently improved by alcohol
- Tic DisorderTransient or chronic motor/vocal tics (common in children)
- Tourette SyndromeMultiple motor tics + ≥1 vocal tic for >1 year
- Obstructive Sleep ApneaRepetitive upper airway collapse during sleep with hypoxemia
- NarcolepsyExcessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy from hypocretin deficiency
- Chronic InsomniaDifficulty falling/staying asleep ≥3 nights/week for ≥3 months
- BPPVBrief positional vertigo from displaced otoconia in semicircular canals
- Ménière DiseaseEndolymphatic hydrops causing episodic vertigo, tinnitus, hearing loss, ear fullness
- Vestibular NeuritisViral inflammation of vestibular nerve causing days of severe vertigo
- Optic NeuritisInflammatory demyelination of optic nerve causing vision loss and eye pain (MS-associated)
- TinnitusPerception of sound without external source, often with hearing loss/noise exposure
- Charcot-Marie-ToothHereditary motor-sensory polyneuropathy (PMP22 etc.) with foot deformity and gait abnormality
- PolymyositisAutoimmune inflammatory myopathy with symmetric proximal weakness
- Spinal Muscular AtrophyAnterior horn cell degeneration from SMN1 mutation, progressive weakness
Gastroenterology 30
- GERDChronic esophageal mucosal injury from gastric content reflux
- Peptic Ulcer DiseaseMucosal break in stomach or duodenum extending into muscularis mucosa
- H. pylori GastritisChronic gastritis from spiral gram-negative H. pylori
- Irritable Bowel SyndromeFunctional GI disorder of chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits without structural abnormality
- Ulcerative ColitisIBD with continuous mucosal inflammation starting at rectum, extending proximally
- Crohn DiseaseTransmural granulomatous IBD anywhere from mouth to anus
- Celiac DiseaseImmune-mediated small bowel injury triggered by gluten (gliadin)
- Lactose IntoleranceLactose malabsorption from small bowel lactase deficiency
- Small Intestinal Bacterial OvergrowthExcess bacteria in small bowel causing malabsorption and gaseous symptoms
- Chronic ConstipationFewer than 3 stools/wk or difficult defecation for ≥3 months
- Acute DiarrheaLoose stools ≥3/day for <2 weeks, mostly infectious
- DiverticulitisAcute inflammation of colonic diverticula with LLQ pain and fever
- AppendicitisSurgical emergency from appendiceal obstruction and infection
- CholelithiasisGallstones formed from biliary precipitates
- Acute CholecystitisGallbladder inflammation from cystic duct obstruction by stone
- Acute PancreatitisAcute pancreatic inflammation from enzyme autodigestion
- Chronic PancreatitisPancreatic fibrosis and dysfunction from repeated injury
- Chronic Hepatitis BHBV-mediated liver inflammation persisting >6 months
- Chronic Hepatitis CChronic HCV liver inflammation, curable with DAAs
- NAFLDHepatic steatosis (>5%) from metabolic dysfunction
- Liver CirrhosisIrreversible fibrosis and nodular liver from chronic injury
- AscitesPathologic peritoneal fluid; mostly portal hypertension
- Hepatic EncephalopathyReversible neuropsychiatric impairment from liver failure
- Esophageal VaricesSubmucosal esophageal vein dilation from portal hypertension
- GI BleedingUpper or lower GI hemorrhage; medical emergency
- HemorrhoidsDilation and prolapse of anal venous plexus
- Anal FissurePainful linear tear in anal mucosa
- Inguinal HerniaDefect allowing abdominal contents to protrude through inguinal canal
- Bowel ObstructionSurgical emergency from blocked intestinal passage
- Acute GastroenteritisInfectious GI inflammation with vomiting and diarrhea
Urology 30
- Urinary Tract InfectionBacterial infection of the lower or upper urinary tract
- PyelonephritisBacterial infection of renal parenchyma and pelvis (upper UTI)
- CystitisInflammation of the bladder mucosa (usually bacterial)
- UrolithiasisCrystalline stones in the urinary tract causing pain and obstruction
- Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaBenign nodular hyperplasia of the transition zone of prostate
- ProstatitisAcute/chronic inflammatory or painful condition of prostate
- Prostate CancerAdenocarcinoma arising in peripheral zone of prostate (most common)
- Bladder CancerUrothelial carcinoma is the most common bladder malignancy
- Renal Cell CarcinomaRenal malignancy from proximal tubule epithelium (clear cell most common)
- Acute Kidney InjuryRapid decline in renal function; pre-renal, intrinsic, post-renal causes
- Chronic Kidney DiseaseGFR<60 or kidney damage markers for ≥3 months; DM/HTN main causes
- GlomerulonephritisImmune-mediated glomerular inflammation; hematuria, proteinuria, HTN
- Nephrotic SyndromeProteinuria >3.5 g/day, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hyperlipidemia
- IgA NephropathyMucosal infection-triggered IgA-deposition GN; most common primary GN worldwide
- Lupus NephritisRenal involvement of SLE; immune complex deposition
- Polycystic Kidney DiseaseAutosomal dominant (ADPKD) bilateral renal cysts
- HematuriaRed blood cells in urine (gross or microscopic); diverse etiology
- Urinary IncontinenceStress, urge, mixed urinary incontinence; common in women
- Overactive BladderUrgency ± urge incontinence, frequency, nocturia; detrusor overactivity
- Erectile DysfunctionInability to maintain erection sufficient for intercourse; vascular, psychogenic, endocrine
- Premature EjaculationEjaculation within 1 minute of penetration; most common male sexual disorder
- HypogonadismLow testosterone with symptoms; primary (testicular) or secondary (HPG axis)
- VaricoceleDilated pampiniform venous plexus in spermatic cord; 90% left; common cause of male infertility
- HydroceleFluid accumulation between layers of tunica vaginalis; painless scrotal swelling
- Testicular TorsionTwisting of spermatic cord cuts testicular blood supply; emergency within 6 hours
- Testicular CancerMost common solid malignancy in men 20-40; germ cell tumors (95%)
- EpididymitisInflammation of epididymis (usually bacterial); STD <35, UTI organisms >35
- PhimosisInability to retract foreskin over glans; physiologic or pathologic
- HydronephrosisDilation of renal pelvis and calyces; urinary obstruction most common cause
- Vesicoureteral RefluxRetrograde flow of urine from bladder to ureter/renal pelvis; common cause of recurrent pediatric UTI
Obstetrics & Gynecology 30
- Normal PregnancyImplantation of fertilized ovum in endometrium with fetal development over ~40 weeks
- Ectopic PregnancyImplantation of fertilized ovum outside uterine cavity (95% in fallopian tube)
- Miscarriage (Spontaneous Abortion)Spontaneous loss of pregnancy before 20 weeks; mostly chromosomal abnormalities
- PreeclampsiaNew-onset hypertension after 20 weeks with proteinuria/end-organ damage
- EclampsiaNew-onset generalized tonic-clonic seizure superimposed on preeclampsia
- Gestational Diabetes MellitusGlucose intolerance first recognized in pregnancy (usually late 2nd–3rd trimester)
- Placenta PreviaPlacenta partially or fully covers internal cervical os, causing painless bleeding
- Placental AbruptionPremature separation of normally implanted placenta from uterine wall before delivery
- Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM)Rupture of membranes before labor and before 37 weeks
- Preterm LaborRegular contractions with cervical change between 20–37 weeks
- Postpartum HemorrhageBlood loss >500 mL (vaginal) or >1000 mL (cesarean) within 24 h; 4Ts: tone/trauma/tissue/thrombin
- EndometriosisEndometrial-like tissue outside uterus causing chronic pain and infertility
- AdenomyosisEndometrial glands within myometrium → enlarged tender uterus, menorrhagia
- Uterine Fibroid (Leiomyoma)Benign smooth-muscle tumor of uterus; asymptomatic to menorrhagia/pressure
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)Chronic anovulation, hyperandrogenism, polycystic ovaries (Rotterdam ≥2 of 3)
- Ovarian CystFluid-filled ovarian sac; most benign and self-resolving
- Ovarian CancerOften diagnosed late; bloating and ascites common
- Endometrial CancerPostmenopausal bleeding most common; risk: obesity/DM/unopposed estrogen
- Cervical CancerHPV-driven (16,18 esp.); preventable with vaccine and Pap screening
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)Ascending infection of upper genital tract by gonorrhea/chlamydia
- Vaginitis (general)Vaginal inflammation/discharge/itch from various causes
- Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)Lactobacilli ↓ with Gardnerella overgrowth; fishy discharge
- Vulvovaginal CandidiasisCandida albicans causing thick white discharge with itch
- TrichomoniasisT. vaginalis causing frothy yellow-green discharge
- Menopause12 months amenorrhea (avg age 51); hot flashes, insomnia, osteoporosis
- DysmenorrheaProstaglandin-mediated uterine cramping with menses
- MenorrhagiaMenstrual blood loss >80 mL or >7 days
- AmenorrheaPrimary (no menses by 15) or secondary (≥3 months absence)
- MastitisPainful breast inflammation from duct blockage/infection in lactation
- Breast CancerMost common cancer in Korean women; early detection by self-exam/mammography
Genetic Disorders 30
- Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)Most common chromosomal disorder caused by trisomy of chromosome 21
- Turner SyndromeFemale phenotype with single X chromosome (45,X) or mosaicism
- Klinefelter Syndrome47,XXY karyotype causing male hypogonadism
- Marfan SyndromeConnective tissue disorder from FBN1 mutation (aortic aneurysm risk)
- Ehlers-Danlos SyndromeHeterogeneous connective tissue disorders of collagen synthesis (13 subtypes)
- Cystic FibrosisMulti-organ disease of thick secretions due to CFTR mutation
- Sickle Cell DiseaseAbnormal hemoglobin (HbS) from HBB gene mutation
- ThalassemiaMicrocytic anemia from defective α/β-globin chain synthesis
- Hemophilia A/BX-linked recessive bleeding disorder from F8 (A) or F9 (B) deficiency
- Duchenne Muscular DystrophyComplete dystrophin loss from DMD gene mutation (X-linked recessive)
- Becker Muscular DystrophyIn-frame DMD mutation; partial dystrophin expression
- Huntington DiseaseAutosomal dominant neurodegeneration from HTT CAG repeat expansion (>40)
- Wilson DiseaseATP7B mutation impairs copper excretion → liver/brain accumulation (AR)
- HemochromatosisHFE gene mutation causes iron overabsorption (AR)
- PhenylketonuriaPhenylalanine accumulation from PAH enzyme deficiency (AR)
- Tay-Sachs DiseaseHEXA mutation → hexosaminidase A deficiency → GM2 ganglioside accumulation (AR)
- Gaucher DiseaseGBA mutation → glucocerebrosidase deficiency → glucocerebroside accumulation
- Fabry DiseaseGLA mutation → α-galactosidase A deficiency (X-linked)
- AchondroplasiaFGFR3 mutation (G380R) impairs endochondral ossification - most common dwarfism (AD)
- Neurofibromatosis Type 1NF1 (17q11) mutation → neurofibromin loss - café-au-lait + neurofibromas (AD)
- Neurofibromatosis Type 2NF2 (22q12) mutation → merlin loss - bilateral vestibular schwannomas (AD)
- Tuberous SclerosisTSC1/TSC2 mutations → mTOR overactivity - multi-organ benign tumors (AD)
- Von Hippel-LindauVHL tumor suppressor mutation - multi-system benign and malignant tumors (AD)
- BRCA1/2 Hereditary Breast CancerBRCA1 (17q21) or BRCA2 (13q12) mutation - elevated breast/ovarian cancer risk (AD)
- Lynch SyndromeMMR gene mutations (MLH1/MSH2/MSH6/PMS2) - elevated colorectal/endometrial cancer (AD)
- Familial HypercholesterolemiaLDLR (or APOB/PCSK9) mutation impairs LDL uptake → very high LDL (AD)
- Long QT SyndromeIon channel mutations (KCNQ1, KCNH2, SCN5A) prolong QT → arrhythmia/sudden death (AD)
- Fragile X SyndromeFMR1 5'UTR CGG repeat expansion (>200) - most common inherited ID (X-linked)
- Prader-Willi SyndromePaternal 15q11-q13 deletion or maternal UPD - obesity, hyperphagia, hypotonia (imprinting)
- Angelman SyndromeMaternal 15q11-q13 deletion or paternal UPD - happy demeanor, seizures, developmental delay (imprinting)
Psychiatry 30
- Major Depressive DisorderMood disorder with depressed mood/anhedonia lasting ≥2 weeks
- Bipolar I DisorderChronic mood disorder with ≥1 manic episode
- Bipolar II DisorderRecurring hypomania + major depression (no full mania)
- Generalized Anxiety DisorderExcessive worry/anxiety lasting ≥6 months
- Panic DisorderRecurrent unexpected panic attacks with anticipatory anxiety
- Social Anxiety DisorderExcessive, persistent fear of social situations
- Obsessive-Compulsive DisorderChronic disorder with recurrent obsessions and compulsions
- PTSDPersistent intrusion/avoidance/arousal symptoms ≥1 mo after trauma
- SchizophreniaPsychotic disorder with hallucinations/delusions from dopamine hyperactivity
- Schizoaffective DisorderSchizophrenia + mood episode (manic or depressive)
- Anorexia NervosaExtreme food restriction from fear of weight gain (BMI <18.5)
- Bulimia NervosaRecurrent binge episodes followed by purging
- Binge Eating DisorderRecurrent binge episodes without purging; obesity common
- ADHDInattention/hyperactivity/impulsivity (onset before age 12)
- Autism Spectrum DisorderSocial communication deficits + restricted repetitive behaviors
- Oppositional Defiant DisorderPersistent defiance, arguing, anger toward authority (childhood)
- Conduct DisorderPattern of violating others rights (aggression, deceit, rule violations)
- Substance Use DisorderLoss of control over substance use (DSM-5: ≥2 of 11)
- Alcohol Use DisorderLoss of control over drinking, withdrawal, physical dependence
- Tobacco Use DisorderNicotine dependence (withdrawal, craving, loss of control)
- Gambling DisorderPersistent gambling behavior causing clinical impairment
- Chronic Insomnia DisorderDifficulty initiating/maintaining sleep ≥3 months, ≥3 nights/week
- Borderline Personality DisorderAffective instability, identity disturbance, self-harm, unstable relationships
- Antisocial Personality DisorderConduct disorder before 15 + adult antisocial/criminal behavior
- Narcissistic Personality DisorderPattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, lack of empathy
- Dissociative Identity Disorder≥2 distinct identity states + memory gaps (trauma-related)
- Adjustment DisorderEmotional/behavioral symptoms within 3 mo of identifiable stressor
- Acute Stress DisorderPTSD-like symptoms 3 days–1 month after trauma
- Postpartum DepressionMajor depressive episode beginning within 4 weeks of delivery
- Suicide Risk AssessmentAssessment of suicide intent/plan/means with safety planning
Rheumatology 30
- Rheumatoid ArthritisChronic autoimmune synovitis causing symmetric polyarthritis
- Systemic Lupus ErythematosusMulti-system autoimmune disease with diverse manifestations
- Sjögren SyndromeAutoimmune exocrinopathy causing ocular and oral dryness
- Systemic SclerosisProgressive skin and visceral fibrosis with vasculopathy
- PolymyositisAutoimmune muscle inflammation with symmetric proximal weakness
- DermatomyositisAutoimmune disease with characteristic rash and muscle weakness
- Mixed Connective Tissue DiseaseOverlap of SLE, SSc, PM features + high-titer anti-U1 RNP
- Ankylosing SpondylitisChronic inflammatory arthritis of sacroiliac joints and spine
- Psoriatic ArthritisSeronegative arthritis with psoriasis (DIP, dactylitis, enthesitis)
- Reactive ArthritisSterile asymmetric arthritis post-infection (GU, GI)
- Enteropathic ArthritisArthritis associated with IBD (UC/CD)
- GoutAcute monoarthritis from urate crystal deposition
- Pseudogout (CPPD)Acute arthritis from CPPD crystals, often knee
- Polymyalgia RheumaticaShoulder/pelvic girdle pain and stiffness (>50y)
- Giant Cell ArteritisGranulomatous large-vessel vasculitis (temporal artery), vision loss risk
- Takayasu ArteritisAortic and major branch vasculitis in young women ("pulseless disease")
- Polyarteritis NodosaNecrotizing medium-vessel vasculitis, HBV associated
- Granulomatosis with PolyangiitisGranulomatous vasculitis of airways and kidneys, c-ANCA+
- Eosinophilic GPA (Churg-Strauss)Triad of asthma, eosinophilia, vasculitis
- Microscopic PolyangiitisSmall-vessel non-granulomatous vasculitis, p-ANCA+, pulmonary-renal
- Behçet DiseaseRecurrent oral/genital ulcers + uveitis
- Antiphospholipid SyndromeArterial/venous thrombosis + pregnancy loss from antiphospholipid antibodies
- IgG4-Related DiseaseMulti-organ swelling from IgG4+ plasma cell infiltration
- Adult-Onset Still DiseaseSalmon rash + spiking fever + arthritis, very high ferritin
- Familial Mediterranean FeverRecurrent fever and serositis from MEFV mutation
- SarcoidosisMulti-organ non-caseating granuloma formation
- FibromyalgiaChronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, tender points, fatigue
- Raynaud PhenomenonCold/stress-induced 3-color finger change
- Juvenile Idiopathic ArthritisArthritis <16 years lasting >6 weeks
- OsteoarthritisDegenerative joint disease with cartilage loss and osteophytes
Oncology 30
- Non-Small Cell Lung CancerMost common lung cancer, including adenocarcinoma, squamous, and large cell
- Small Cell Lung CancerHighly aggressive neuroendocrine lung cancer
- Breast CancerBreast tissue cancer where ER/PR/HER2 molecular subtypes drive treatment
- Colorectal CancerColon/rectal cancer arising via the adenoma-carcinoma sequence
- Gastric CancerGastric mucosal adenocarcinoma (mostly), H. pylori is key risk factor
- Hepatocellular CarcinomaHepatocyte-origin malignancy arising in chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis
- Pancreatic CancerMostly pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), often advanced at diagnosis
- Esophageal CancerSquamous cell carcinoma (alcohol/tobacco) or adenocarcinoma (Barrett esophagus)
- Prostate CancerProstate adenocarcinoma often detected by PSA screening
- Bladder CancerUrothelial carcinoma (mostly), presents with hematuria
- Renal Cell CarcinomaVHL-associated clear cell renal carcinoma
- Ovarian CancerOften advanced at diagnosis (BRCA-related)
- Cervical CancerHPV (16,18)-associated squamous cell carcinoma
- Endometrial CancerPostmenopausal bleeding is hallmark
- Thyroid CancerMostly differentiated (papillary/follicular), excellent prognosis
- GliomaBrain tumor of glial origin (e.g., GBM)
- MeningiomaMeningeal tumor, mostly benign
- Hodgkin LymphomaLymphoma with Reed-Sternberg cells
- Non-Hodgkin LymphomaHeterogeneous B/T-cell lymphomas (DLBCL common)
- Multiple MyelomaPlasma cell malignancy with CRAB features
- Acute Myeloid LeukemiaAcute malignant proliferation in marrow
- Acute Lymphoblastic LeukemiaMost common pediatric leukemia
- Chronic Myeloid LeukemiaBCR-ABL (Philadelphia) fusion gene
- Chronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaMost common adult leukemia
- Soft Tissue SarcomaMesenchymal-origin malignancy
- Metastatic MelanomaBRAF V600E melanoma (metastatic)
- Head and Neck CancerOral, pharyngeal, laryngeal SCC
- Testicular CancerMost common solid cancer in young men (germ cell)
- Adrenal TumorAdrenocortical cancer or pheochromocytoma
- Carcinoid TumorNeuroendocrine tumor secreting serotonin
Endocrinology 30
- Type 1 Diabetes MellitusAutoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency
- Type 2 Diabetes MellitusChronic hyperglycemia from insulin resistance and progressive β-cell dysfunction
- Gestational DiabetesGlucose intolerance first recognized during pregnancy
- Diabetic KetoacidosisInsulin deficiency + counter-regulatory hormones cause ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia
- Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic StateExtreme hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity with minimal ketosis
- HypoglycemiaGlucose <70 mg/dL causing autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms
- HypothyroidismThyroid hormone deficiency causing systemic metabolic slowdown
- Hashimoto ThyroiditisChronic lymphocytic thyroiditis from anti-TPO/anti-Tg autoantibodies
- Hyperthyroidism (Graves)TSI antibodies cause thyroid hyperactivity
- Subacute ThyroiditisPainful post-viral thyroid inflammation
- Thyroid NoduleDiscrete focal lesion within thyroid
- Papillary Thyroid CancerMost common thyroid cancer, good prognosis
- Primary HyperparathyroidismParathyroid adenoma causing hypercalcemia
- HypoparathyroidismPTH deficiency causing hypocalcemia
- Cushing SyndromeCortisol excess (endogenous or exogenous)
- Addison DiseaseAdrenal cortex hormone deficiency
- PheochromocytomaCatecholamine-secreting adrenal medulla tumor
- Conn Syndrome (Primary Aldosteronism)Aldosterone excess → HTN + hypokalemia
- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia21-hydroxylase deficiency → androgen excess
- AcromegalyExcess GH in adults
- ProlactinomaProlactin-secreting pituitary adenoma
- Pituitary ApoplexyHemorrhagic infarct of pituitary - emergency
- SIADHInappropriate ADH causing hyponatremia
- Diabetes InsipidusADH deficiency or resistance → polyuria
- Pheochromocytoma CrisisCatecholamine surge causing emergency
- OsteoporosisReduced bone density with fracture risk
- Vitamin D Deficiency25(OH)D <20 ng/mL, bone weakness
- Metabolic SyndromeAbdominal obesity + dyslipidemia + HTN + hyperglycemia
- PCOS (Endocrine Perspective)Hyperandrogenism + insulin resistance
- Carcinoid SyndromeSerotonin secretion from NET
Brain (CNS) 30
- Ischemic StrokeFocal cerebral ischemia and neurologic deficit from arterial occlusion
- Hemorrhagic Stroke (ICH)Intraparenchymal hemorrhage causing acute neurologic deficit and raised ICP
- Subarachnoid HemorrhageAcute bleeding into subarachnoid space, usually from ruptured aneurysm
- Subdural HematomaBleeding between dura and arachnoid from torn bridging veins, usually traumatic
- Epidural HematomaArterial bleed between dura and skull from middle meningeal artery laceration after temporal fracture
- Transient Ischemic AttackTransient neurologic deficit resolving within 24 h (usually <1 h) without infarct
- Brain AbscessFocal pyogenic infection within brain parenchyma
- Bacterial MeningitisAcute purulent infection of leptomeninges; medical emergency
- Viral EncephalitisInflammation of brain parenchyma (HSV-1 is most common sporadic cause)
- Glioblastoma (GBM, WHO Grade IV)Most common and aggressive primary brain tumor (astrocytic origin)
- MeningiomaSlow-growing usually benign tumor from arachnoid cap cells; female/elderly predominance
- Brain MetastasisLung/breast/melanoma most common primaries; multiple ring-enhancing lesions at gray-white junction; treat with SRS or WBRT
- HydrocephalusImpaired CSF flow or absorption causing ventricular dilation; headache, vomiting, papilledema; treated with V-P shunt or ETV
- Idiopathic Intracranial HypertensionRaised ICP without imaging lesion in young obese women; headache, papilledema, diplopia; weight loss + acetazolamide first-line
- Alzheimer DiseaseMost common dementia; impaired short-term memory, visuospatial decline; amyloid plaques + tau tangles; donepezil/memantine and anti-amyloid antibodies
- Vascular DementiaStepwise cognitive decline from multiple infarcts or white matter disease; manage vascular risk factors and antiplatelet therapy
- Lewy Body DementiaFluctuating cognition + parkinsonism + visual hallucinations (core triad); neuroleptic-sensitive - use quetiapine/rivastigmine
- Frontotemporal DementiaYounger onset (50-65); behavior/personality/language dysfunction; tau or TDP-43 pathology; symptom-focused therapy
- Parkinson DiseaseSubstantia nigra dopaminergic loss; tremor + rigidity + bradykinesia + postural instability; levodopa is first-line
- Multiple System AtrophyParkinsonism + cerebellar + autonomic dysfunction; poor levodopa response; progressive (5-10 yr survival)
- Huntington DiseaseAutosomal dominant CAG expansion in HTT gene; chorea + cognitive decline + psychiatric features; tetrabenazine for chorea
- Wilson Disease (CNS)ATP7B-related copper accumulation in basal ganglia and liver; dystonia, tremor, psychiatric features, KF rings; treat with D-penicillamine or zinc
- Status EpilepticusSeizure ≥5 min or recurrent without recovery between; treat stepwise with benzodiazepine → levetiracetam/fosphenytoin → anesthetics
- Generalized SeizureBilateral cortical involvement; tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic types; first-line drugs include valproate, levetiracetam, lamotrigine
- Focal SeizureFocal onset; with or without impaired awareness; treat with carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, levetiracetam
- Concussion (Mild TBI)Transient brain dysfunction with normal imaging; headache, dizziness, poor concentration, memory issues; cognitive/physical rest then graded return
- Diffuse Axonal InjuryRotational shear injury causing widespread axonal damage; subtle CT lesions, MRI microhemorrhages; prolonged coma and cognitive deficits common
- Normal Pressure HydrocephalusReversible elderly dementia; classic triad of gait/incontinence/dementia (wet-wobbly-wacky); LP improvement supports V-P shunt
- Pseudotumor Cerebri (IIH variant)Tumor-mimicking IIH presentation; headache, diplopia, papilledema; protect vision - weight loss, acetazolamide, VP shunt, optic nerve sheath fenestration
- Cerebellar AtaxiaCerebellar lesions impair gait, posture, speech coordination; many causes (genetic, stroke, tumor, alcohol, MS); treat etiology + rehabilitation
Pulmonology 30
- AsthmaChronic airway inflammation with reversible bronchoconstriction
- COPDProgressive lung disease with non-reversible airflow limitation
- EmphysemaIrreversible alveolar wall destruction with hyperinflation
- Chronic BronchitisProductive cough ≥3 months/yr for ≥2 consecutive years
- Community-Acquired PneumoniaAcute alveolar infection acquired in the community
- Hospital-Acquired PneumoniaPneumonia occurring ≥48 hrs after admission (MDR organism risk)
- Aspiration PneumoniaLung infection from aspiration of oropharyngeal/gastric contents
- TuberculosisChronic granulomatous infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- BronchiectasisIrreversible bronchial dilatation with chronic sputum
- Cystic Fibrosis (Pulmonary)Genetic CFTR mutation increases mucus viscosity
- Idiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisProgressive interstitial lung fibrosis
- Pulmonary SarcoidosisMultisystem disease with non-caseating granulomas
- Pulmonary EmbolismDVT embolizes to pulmonary artery (emergency)
- Pulmonary HypertensionMean PA pressure ≥20 mmHg, progressive disease
- Pleural EffusionAbnormal fluid accumulation in pleural space
- PneumothoraxAir in pleural space causing lung collapse
- Tension PneumothoraxIncreasing pleural pressure compromises venous return (emergency)
- ARDSDiffuse alveolar damage with non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema
- Non-Small Cell Lung CancerStrongly associated with smoking; 85% of lung cancers
- Small Cell Lung CancerAggressive neuroendocrine lung cancer
- PneumoconiosisOccupational lung disease from mineral dust
- Hypersensitivity PneumonitisImmune-mediated lung inflammation from inhaled antigens
- Bronchiolitis (RSV)RSV-induced bronchiolar inflammation in infants
- CroupPediatric laryngotracheobronchitis with barking cough
- EpiglottitisAcute epiglottic inflammation, airway emergency
- Obstructive Sleep ApneaRecurrent upper airway collapse during sleep
- COVID-19 PneumoniaSARS-CoV-2 pneumonia with bilateral ground-glass opacities
- Pulmonary EdemaFluid accumulation in alveoli/interstitium (usually LV failure)
- HemoptysisCoughing up blood from lungs or airways
- Pulmonary NoduleRound lung lesion <3 cm requiring workup
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